Shirley Chisholm

Shirley Chisholm (born November 30, 1924, Brooklyn, New York, U.S.—died January 1, 2005, Ormond Beach, Florida) made history as the first African American woman to be elected to the U.S. Congress, serving in the House of Representatives from 1969 to 1983. In 1972 Chisholm also became the first woman to run for the Democratic Party’s presidential nomination.

Early life

Shirley St. Hill was the daughter of immigrants; her father was from British Guiana (now Guyana) and her mother from Barbados. She grew up in Barbados and in her native Brooklyn, New York, and graduated from Brooklyn College (B.A., 1946), where she became known for her skills as a debater. While teaching nursery school and serving as director of the Friends Day Nursery in Brooklyn, she studied elementary education at Columbia University (M.A., 1951) and married Conrad Q. Chisholm in 1949. (The couple divorced in 1977, and later that year she married Arthur Hardwick, Jr.)

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As director of New York City’s Hamilton-Madison Child Care Center from 1953 to 1959, Chisholm became a recognized expert on early education and child welfare. She later served as an education consultant (1959–64) for the city’s day-care division. During this time Chisholm was also active with community and political groups, including the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and her district’s Unity Democratic Club. In 1964–68 she represented her Brooklyn district in the New York state legislature.

House of Representatives and 1972 presidential campaign

In 1968 Chisholm ran for the U.S. House of Representatives, adopting the slogan “Fighting Shirley Chisholm—Unbought and Unbossed.” She traveled throughout New York’s 12th Congressional District, speaking directly to voters, especially women. In the general election, Chisholm defeated the heavily favored James Farmer, a civil rights leader.

After taking office in 1969, Chisholm quickly became known as a strong liberal who opposed weapons development and the war in Vietnam and favored full-employment proposals. She also was noted for her public criticism of Washington, especially the politicians who refused to represent the needs of voters. As a candidate for the Democratic nomination for U.S. president in 1972, she won 152 delegates before withdrawing from the race.

Chisholm, a founder of the National Women’s Political Caucus, supported the Equal Rights Amendment and legalized abortions throughout her congressional career, which lasted from 1969 to 1983. She wrote the autobiographical works Unbought and Unbossed (1970) and The Good Fight (1973).

Later activities

After her retirement from Congress, Chisholm remained active on the lecture circuit. She held the position of Purington Professor at Mount Holyoke College (1983–87) and was a visiting scholar at Spelman College (1985). In 1993 she was invited by Pres. Bill Clinton to serve as ambassador to Jamaica but declined because of poor health. When discussing her legacy, Chisholm said, “I’d like them to say that Shirley Chisholm had guts. That’s how I’d like to be remembered.” She died in 2005 after suffering a series of strokes.

Chisholm was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2015.