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While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies.
Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions.
After graduating from military school in France, Napoleon was made second lieutenant of artillery in the regiment of La Fère when he was only 16 years old. Later influenced by his readings of Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, he believed a political change was imperative in France but, as a career military officer, he seems not to have seen the need for radical social reforms. He achieved his first military successes during the French Revolution. Napoleon supported the National Convention, the new governmental body of France that had abolished the monarchy. His distinguished military service helped him rise through the ranks. In 1795 he put down an insurrection against the National Convention in Paris. He was regarded as a hero for saving the National Convention and the republic.
An obelisk commemorates Napoleon I at Montgenèvre Pass in southeastern France.
Francofranco56Napoleon was an absolute monarch whose ambition raised France to new heights but then brought about devastating military defeats that nearly destroyed the country’s armies. Napoleon, however, left durable institutions on which modern France was built up, including the Napoleonic Code, the judicial system, the central bank and the country’s financial organization, military academies, and a centralized university. Napoleon changed the history of both France and the world.
Jacobin Club, the most famous political group of the French Revolution, which became identified with extreme egalitarianism and violence and which led the Revolutionary government from mid-1793 to mid-1794. The Jacobins originated as the Club Breton at Versailles, where the deputies from Brittany
Friedrich Gentz was a German political journalist, famous for his writings against the principles of the French Revolution and Napoleon and as a confidential adviser of Metternich. Though a commoner, he sometimes affected the von of nobility, having received a Swedish knighthood in 1804. Gentz’s