The natural appeal of green burials
As more consumers weigh the environmental and health consequences of traditional funeral practices, green burials have naturally been attracting more interest.
Unlike ordinary burials, which often involve embalming fluids, concrete vaults, and nonbiodegradable caskets and/or grave liners, green burials prioritize materials that have a minimal impact on the land, vegetation, and groundwater.
Key Points
- Green burial minimizes the use of chemicals and nonbiodegradable materials.
- The practice may benefit the environment and lower health risks associated with traditional burials.
- Regulations governing green burial vary from state to state, although it is legal in most.
Despite the growing interest in this eco-friendly option, there is little consistency in green burial regulations from state to state, and sometimes from one burial site to the next.
What is a green burial?
A green or natural burial seeks to minimize the environmental impact of laying someone to rest by allowing the body to decompose naturally, untreated by chemicals.
- The body is typically interred in a biodegradable casket, shroud, or urn made from natural materials such as wicker, bamboo, or untreated wood (e.g., a plain pine or even cardboard box).
- There may not be a headstone or other marker, but instead plants that are native to the local environment.
Most states allow green burials, but the regulations that govern local burial practices are often inconsistent about what is or isn’t allowed in a given cemetery or burial site. Some cemeteries may not accept green burials or may allow them only with restrictions. In some areas, you might find dedicated cemeteries that permit only eco-friendly interments.
If you’re considering a green burial for yourself or a loved one, it’s essential to research the laws and policies in your area.
History of green burials
The concept of green burial is gaining popularity. Its roots can be traced back to ancient practices where bodies were returned to the earth or cremated without the use of chemicals. For example, the burial customs of some Native Americans, as well as Jews and Muslims, are similar to so-called green burials.
In the modern era, the environmental movement of the late 20th century spurred renewed interest in eco-friendly funeral options. The first modern green cemetery, Ramsey Creek Preserve in South Carolina, was established in 1998, paving the way for the proliferation of similar sites throughout the United States.
Good for the land, easier on your wallet
For many consumers, the appeal of green burials is linked to the potential environmental benefits, as well as the typically lower cost of these burials, according to the National Funeral Directors Association (NFDA). Of those surveyed in 2021, 55.7% of consumers were interested in exploring green burials; in 2023, that percentage grew to 60%.
In 2023, the average cost of a conventional funeral and burial, including embalming, casket, transportation, viewing, interment, etc., was $8,300, according to the NFDA, while the average cost of a funeral with cremation was $6,280.
Data on green burials is still limited, but costs can range from $500 to $5,000, with an average of about $2,600.
There is also a growing awareness of the harm that traditional practices like embalming can have on those who work in the funeral industry. Some studies have shown a higher risk of cancer and other diseases among embalmers and other workers. Such risks add to the concern about toxic chemicals like formaldehyde leaching into the soil and groundwater in and around conventional cemeteries.
What’s allowed in a green burial?
Certain practices are encouraged or required in green burials, while others are discouraged or prohibited. Again, it comes down to local laws.
Generally, a green burial requires:
- The use of a biodegradable casket, shroud, or urn.
- Little to no embalming, or the use of nontoxic, biodegradable embalming fluids.
- Planting native vegetation or trees at the burial site instead of traditional headstones or markers.
Practices often prohibited or discouraged include:
- Using nonbiodegradable materials such as metal caskets or concrete vaults.
- Embalming with toxic chemicals.
- The placement of non-native plants or landscaping that may disrupt the local ecosystem.
Pros and cons of green burials
| Pros | Cons | |
|---|---|---|
| Sustainable. Avoids the use of nonbiodegradable materials and hazardous chemicals, and minimizes the carbon footprint associated with traditional burials. | Limited availability. Depending on local regulations, it may be difficult to secure a green burial site. | |
| May reduce health risks. Limits or eliminates chemicals that have been linked to higher disease and mortality rates. | Inconsistent rules. States and local governments oversee funerals, so laws vary, which can be confusing. | |
| Cost-effective. Less expensive than traditional funerals. | Cultural conflicts. Some cultures and religions may not support a green burial. | |
Are green burials the same as human composting?
A green burial is different from the somewhat newer practice of human composting.
Unlike green burials, which involve burying the body in the ground, human composting places the body in a vessel with organic materials to accelerate the decomposition process. Over several weeks, microbes break down the body into nutrient-rich soil, which can then be used for various purposes, including gardening or planting trees.
Beyond caskets, plots, and urns
Burial rituals are as varied as humans themselves, and some are unique to the cultures that perform them. Learn more about how people in different places bury their dead.
Both green burials and human composting aim to minimize environmental hazards and promote sustainability, but there are key differences:
- Green burials involve the natural decomposition of the body in the soil, whereas human composting accelerates decomposition through controlled microbial activity.
- In a green burial, the body decomposes in the natural environment, while human composting produces compost that can be used for gardening and landscaping.
- Green burials have been practiced for decades and are increasingly accepted as a sustainable burial option, although regulations vary by state. Human composting is a newer practice that is legal in only a few states, with ongoing discussions regarding regulations, use, and acceptance.
The bottom line
There are still challenges associated with green burials, but the growing interest in this option reflects a broader societal shift toward more sustainable end-of-life practices. For example, cremations are nearly twice as common as traditional burials—and the factors that make cremation appealing (fewer chemicals, lower cost) are also foundational to green burials.
As regulations continue to evolve and awareness increases, green burials are likely to become an increasingly accessible and accepted option.