PEOPLE KNOWN FOR: business
president of United States
Donald Trump 45th president of the United States (2017–21). Trump was a real estate developer and businessman who owned, managed, or licensed his name to hotels, casinos, golf courses, resorts, and residential...
American industrialist
Henry Ford American industrialist who revolutionized factory production with his assembly-line methods. (Read Henry Ford’s 1926 Britannica essay on mass production.) Ford spent most of his life making...
prime minister of Cape Colony
Cecil Rhodes was a financier, statesman, and empire builder of British South Africa. He was prime minister of Cape Colony (1890–96) and organizer of the giant diamond-mining company De Beers Consolidated...
American businessman
Steve Jobs cofounder of Apple Computer, Inc. (now Apple Inc.), and a charismatic pioneer of the personal computer era. Jobs was raised by adoptive parents in Cupertino, California, located in what is now...
prime minister of Pakistan
Nawaz Sharif Pakistani businessman and politician who served as prime minister in 1990–93, 1997–98, and 2013–17. After earning an LL.B. from the University of the Punjab in Lahore, Sharif joined his family’s...
American industrialist and inventor
George M. Pullman was an American industrialist and inventor of the Pullman sleeping car, a luxurious railroad coach designed for overnight travel. In 1894, workers at his Pullman’s Palace Car Company...
Italian media magnate and prime minister
Silvio Berlusconi Italian media tycoon who served three times as prime minister of Italy (1994, 2001–06, and 2008–11). After graduating from the University of Milan with a degree in law, Berlusconi became...
American engineer and automobile manufacturer
Walter P. Chrysler American engineer and automobile manufacturer, founder of Chrysler Corporation. (Read Lee Iacocca’s Britannica entry on Chrysler.) Chrysler was the third of four children of Henry (“Hank”)...
American manufacturer, aviator, and motion-picture producer
Howard Hughes was an American manufacturer, aviator, and motion-picture producer and director who acquired enormous wealth and celebrity from his various ventures but was perhaps better known for his eccentricities,...
American industrialist and philanthropist
Andrew Carnegie was a Scottish-born American industrialist who led the enormous expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century. He was also one of the most important philanthropists...
president of Madagascar
Marc Ravalomanana Malagasy entrepreneur and politician who served as president of Madagascar (2002–09). Ravalomanana had a Protestant education, first by missionaries in his native village of Imerikasina,...
French royal adviser
Jacques Coeur was a wealthy and powerful French merchant, who served as a councillor to King Charles VII of France. His career remains a significant example of the spirit of enterprise and the social progress...
American financier
J.P. Morgan was an American financier and industrial organizer, one of the world’s foremost financial figures during the two pre-World War I decades. He reorganized several major railroads and financed...
president of Panama
Ricardo Martinelli Panamanian businessman and politician who served as president of Panama (2009–14). Martinelli was educated primarily in the United States; he attended Staunton Military Academy in Virginia...
American computer programmer, businessman, and philanthropist
Bill Gates is an American computer programmer and entrepreneur who cofounded Microsoft Corporation, the world’s largest personal-computer software company. Gates wrote his first software program at the...
American businessman
William George Fargo was an American businessman who was one of the pioneering founders of Wells, Fargo & Company. Fargo was born into the farming family of William C. and Tracy Strong Fargo and would...
Russian businessman
Mikhail Khodorkovsky Russian oil tycoon and, at one time, the richest man in Russia, who was imprisoned in 2003 on charges of fraud and tax evasion. One of Russia’s famed “oligarchs,” he was convicted...
United States senator and publisher
William Benton American publisher of Encyclopædia Britannica (1943–73), advertising executive, and government official. A descendant of missionaries and educators, Benton was greatly influenced by his...
American businessman
Joseph P. Kennedy was an American businessman and financier who served in government commissions in Washington, D.C. (1934–37), and as ambassador to Great Britain (1937–40). He was the father of U.S. Pres....
American fashion model
Cindy Crawford American fashion model and television personality who first gained fame in the 1980s and was among the first “supermodels.” Crawford grew up in DeKalb, Illinois, near Chicago, where her...
Russian businessman
Mikhail Prokhorov Russian businessman and famed “oligarch" who made his fortune in the wake of the Soviet Union’s collapse by buying shares in formerly state-run corporations. He ran for the Russian presidency...
American financier
George Soros Hungarian-born American financier, author, philanthropist, and activist whose success as an investor made him one of the wealthiest men in the world. He was also known as a powerful and influential...
American entrepreneur and radio and television pioneer
David Sarnoff was an American pioneer in the development of both radio and television broadcasting. As a boy in Russia, Sarnoff spent several years preparing for a career as a Jewish scholar of the Talmud....
American art dealer
Leo Castelli art dealer of Hungarian and Italian descent whose promotion of American painters helped contemporary American art gain acceptance in Europe. Castelli was brought up in an affluent Jewish family...
Canadian-born British businessman
Conrad Black Canadian-born British businessman who built one of the world’s largest newspaper groups in the 1990s, Hollinger International. In 2007 he was convicted of mail fraud and obstruction of justice,...
American industrialist
John D. Rockefeller was an American industrialist and philanthropist, founder of the Standard Oil Company, which dominated the oil industry and was the first great U.S. business trust. He is the major...
American newspaper publisher
William Randolph Hearst was an American newspaper publisher who built up the nation’s largest newspaper chain and whose methods profoundly influenced American journalism. Hearst was the only son of George...
Catalan chef
Ferran Adrià Catalan chef who, as the creative force behind the restaurant El Bulli (closed in 2011), pioneered the influential culinary trend known as molecular gastronomy, which uses precise scientific...
American businessman
Danny Hillis American pioneer of parallel processing computers and founder of Thinking Machines Corporation. The son of a U.S. Air Force epidemiologist, Hillis spent his early years traveling abroad with...
South Korean physician, educator, and entrepreneur
Ahn Cheol-Soo physician, educator, politician, and computer entrepreneur who founded AhnLab, Inc., South Korea’s largest Internet security firm. He later entered politics, establishing the People’s Party...
American business executive
Larry Ellison American businessman and entrepreneur who was cofounder and chief executive officer (1977–2014) of the software company Oracle Corporation. His mother, Florence Spellman, was a 19-year-old...
Mexican businessman
Carlos Slim Helú Mexican entrepreneur who became one of the wealthiest people in the world. His extensive holdings in a considerable number of Mexican companies through his conglomerate, Grupo Carso, SA...
American entrepreneur and television personality
Martha Stewart American entrepreneur and domestic lifestyle innovator who built a catering business into an international media and home-furnishing corporation, Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia, Inc. Raised...
president of South Korea
Lee Myung-Bak South Korean business executive and politician who was president of South Korea from 2008 to 2013. He previously served as mayor of Seoul (2002–06). Lee was born in wartime Japan and was...
American businessman
Charles H. Keating American businessman best known for his role in the savings and loan crisis of the 1980s and ’90s, which resulted in the closure of about half of all savings and loan associations in...
American entrepreneur
Elon Musk South African-born American entrepreneur who cofounded the electronic-payment firm PayPal and formed SpaceX, maker of launch vehicles and spacecraft. He was also one of the first significant...
American businesswoman
Olive Ann Beech American business executive who served first as secretary-treasurer (1932–50) and then as president (1950–68) and chairman of the board (1950–82) of Beech Aircraft Corporation, a major...
American businessman and politician
Michael Bloomberg American businessman and politician, who founded a financial data-services firm and served as mayor of New York City (2002–13). Bloomberg’s father, a Polish immigrant, was a bookkeeper...
prime minister of Lebanon
Saad al-Hariri Saudi-born Lebanese businessman and prime minister of Lebanon (2009–11; 2016–20). The son of former Lebanese prime minister Rafic al-Hariri, Saad entered politics following his father’s...
American businesswoman and philanthropist
Madam C.J. Walker American businesswoman and philanthropist who was one of the first African American female millionaires in the United States. The first child in her family born after the Emancipation...
Russian entrepreneur
Boris Berezovsky Russian entrepreneur who was among Russia’s famed “oligarchs,” the post-Soviet group who made their fortunes in the chaotic last years of the U.S.S.R. and parlayed their wealth into political...
United States statesman
Robert S. McNamara was the U.S. secretary of defense from 1961 to 1968 who revamped Pentagon operations and who played a major role in the nation’s military involvement in the Vietnam War. After graduating...
American computer scientist
Vinton Cerf American computer scientist who is considered one of the founders, along with Robert Kahn, of the Internet. In 2004 both Cerf and Kahn won the A.M. Turing Award, the highest honour in computer...
Japanese businessman
Morita Akio was a Japanese businessman who was cofounder, chief executive officer (from 1971), and chairman of the board (from 1976 through 1994) of Sony Corporation, a world-renowned manufacturer of consumer...
American businessman
Ross Perot was an American businessman and philanthropist who ran as an independent candidate for U.S. president in 1992 and 1996. He was the son of a cotton broker. Perot attended Texarkana Junior College...
American financier and philanthropist
Sanford I. Weill American financier and philanthropist whose company, Travelers Group, merged with Citicorp to form Citigroup in 1998—the largest merger in history at the time. Weill was born to Polish...
British designer and entrepreneur
Terence Conran English designer, restaurateur, and businessman credited with making stylish housewares and home décor available to a wider market beginning in the 1960s. Conran attended the Central School...
American basketball player
Michael Jordan is an American collegiate and professional basketball player widely considered to be one of the greatest all-around players in the history of the game. He led the Chicago Bulls to six National...
American financier
Carl Icahn American financier who was board chairman of Icahn Enterprises, a holding company with a diverse portfolio. In the 1980s he was called a corporate raider, but in later years he was more often...
American businessman
Henry Wells pioneering American businessman who was one of the founders of the American Express Company and of Wells Fargo & Company. Wells’s father, the Rev. Shipley Wells, was a preacher, and his mother...
- abolitionism
- activism
- advertising
- air force
- anarchism
- army
- banking
- business
- church and state
- civil rights
- civil war
- colonialism
- communism
- coup d'etat
- crime
- criminology
- diplomacy
- economics
- espionage
- fascism
- first lady
- government
- history
- human rights
- independence
- inquisition
- intelligence
- journalism
- labour movement
- law
- marketing
- Marxism
- modeling
- nationalism
- navy
- Nobel Prize (all)
- Nobel Prize - Economics
- Nobel Prize - Peace
- oratory
- organized labour
- pacifism
- philanthropy
- piloting
- pioneer
- political science
- president
- prime minister
- publishing
- reform
- social movement
- social service
- socialism
- sociology
- temperance movement
- terrorism
- women's movement