Geography
W.R. Mead, An Historical Geography of Scandinavia (1981); and Kalevi Rikkinen, A Geography of Finland, trans. from Finnish (1992), provide comprehensive surveys. A broad interpretive treatment, with a look at the social customs of Finland, is found in Philip Ward, Finnish Cities: Travels in Helsinki, Turku, Tampere, and Lapland (1987).
Ethnological studies include Aurélien Sauvageot, Les Anciens Finnois (1961); and William A. Wilson, Folklore and Nationalism in Modern Finland (1976). Social life and customs are explored in Aini Rajanen, Of Finnish Ways (1981); Caj Bremer and Antero Raevuori, The World of the Sauna (1986; originally published in Finnish, 1985); Antti Tuuri, The Face of Finland, ed. by Pauli Kojo, trans. from Finnish (1983); and Anneke Lipsanen, The Finnish Folk Year: A Perpetual Diary & Book of Days, Ways, and Customs (1987).
Finland’s economy is discussed in Fred Singleton, The Economy of Finland in the Twentieth Century (1986); Riitta Hjerppe, The Finnish Economy, 1860–1985: Growth and Structural Change (1989; originally published in Finnish, 1988); Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Reviews of National Science and Technology Policy: Finland (1987); Environmental High-Technology from Finland (1986), published by the Ministry of the Environment; Economic Survey (annual), published by the Ministry of Finance; and Finnish Industry, rev. ed. (1982), an overview of developments, published by the Bank of Finland.
Government and politics are analyzed in D.G. Kirby, Finland in the Twentieth Century (1979); Anthony F. Upton, Peter P. Rohoe, and A. Sparring, Communism in Scandinavia and Finland (also published as The Communist Parties of Scandinavia and Finland, 1973); Juhani Mylly and R. Michael Berry (eds.), Political Parties in Finland (1984); David Arter, Politics and Policy-Making in Finland (1987); Risto Alapuro, State and Revolution in Finland (1988); Max Jakobson, Finland in the New Europe (1998); and Jorma selovuori, Power and Bureaucracy in Finland, 1809–1998, trans. from Finnish (1999). David Arter, Scandinavian Politics Today, 2nd ed. (2008), describes and analyzes the politics of Finland and its Scandinavian neighbours.
Finnish architecture and design are discussed in J.M. Richards, 800 Years of Finnish Architecture (1978); Erik Kruskopf, Finnish Design, 1875–1975: 100 Years of Finnish Industrial Design (1975); Elizabeth Gaynor, Finland, Living Design (1984, reissued 1995); Jaakko Lintinen et al., Finnish Vision: Modern Art, Architecture, and Design, trans. from Finnish (1983); Marianne Aav and Nina Stritzler-Levine (eds.), Finnish Modern Design: Utopian Ideals and Everyday Realities, 1930–1997 (1998); and Kenneth Frampton, “The Legacy of Alvar Aalto: Evolution and Influence,” in Peter Reed (ed.), Alvar Aalto: Between Humanism and Materialism (1998). Other studies of national art and culture include John Boulton Smith, The Golden Age of Finnish Art: Art Nouveau and the National Spirit, 2nd rev. ed. (1985); Marianne Aav and Kaj Kalin, Form Finland, trans. from Finnish (1986), on decorative arts; Jaakko Ahokas, A History of Finnish Literature (1973); Matti Kuusi, Keith Bosley, and Michael Branch (eds. and trans.), Finnish Folk Poetry: Epic: An Anthology in Finnish and English (1977); Bo Carpelan, Veijo Meri, and Matti Suurpää (eds.), A Way to Measure Time: Contemporary Finnish Literature, trans. from Finnish (1992); Kai Laitinen, Literature of Finland: An Outline, 2nd ed., trans. from Finnish (1994); Kalevala, ed. by Aivi Gallen-Kallela and trans. by W.F. Kirby (1986), a jubilee edition of the national epic, illustrated by Akseli Gallen-Kallela; The Kalevala: Epic of the Finnish People, trans. by Eino Friberg and ed. by George C. Schoolfield (1988); Antony Hodgson, Scandinavian Music: Finland & Sweden (1984); Paavo Helistö, Music in Finland (1980); Maija Savutie, Finnish Theatre: A Northern Part of World Theatre, trans. from Finnish (1980); and Rauno Endén, Yleisradio, 1926–1949: A History of Broadcasting in Finland, trans. from Finnish (1996). Jan Sjåvik, Historical Dictionary of Scandinavian Literature and Theater (2006); and Arnold L. Weinstein, Northern Arts: The Breakthrough of Scandinavian Literature and Art, from Ibsen to Bergman (2008), both include coverage of Finnish art and literature.
History
General works on Finnish history include Henrik Meinander, A History of Finland, trans. by Tom Geddes (2011); John H. Wuorinen, A History of Finland (1965); Eino Jutikkala and Kauko Pirinen, A History of Finland, trans. by Paul Sjöblom, 6th rev. ed. (2003; originally published in Finnish, 1966); Eino Jutikkala, Atlas of Finnish History, 2nd rev. ed. (1959); Byron J. Nordstrom (ed.), Dictionary of Scandinavian History (1986); Fred Singleton, A Short History of Finland, revised and updated by A.F. Upton (2005); and Matti Klinge, A Brief History of Finland, trans. from Finnish, 10th ed. (1997).
More detailed discussions of events in the 19th and 20th centuries are available in Juhani Paasivirta, Finland and Europe: International Crises in the Period of Autonomy, 1808–1914, ed. and abridged by D.G. Kirby (1981; originally published in Finnish, 1978); L.A. Puntila, The Political History of Finland, 1809–1966 (1974; originally published in Finnish, 5th rev. and improved ed., 1971); Anthony F. Upton, The Finnish Revolution, 1917–1918 (1980), a comprehensive analysis, and Finland, 1939–1940 (1974); Max Jakobson, Finland Survived: An Account of the Finnish-Soviet Winter War, 1939–1940, 2nd enlarged ed. (1984); Philip Jowett, Finland at War, 1939–45; and Henrik O. Lunde, Finland’s War of Choice: The Troubled German-Finnish Coalition in World War II (2011).
Foreign relations are the main topic of Tuomo Polvinen, Between East and West: Finland in International Politics, 1944–1947, ed. and trans. by D.G. Kirby and Peter Herring (1986; originally published in Finnish, 3 vol., 1979–81); Roy Allison, Finland’s Relations with the Soviet Union, 1944–1984 (1985); R. Michael Berry, American Foreign Policy and the Finnish Exception (1987); and Max Jakobson, Finland: Myth and Reality (1987). The Yearbook of Finnish Foreign Policy, published by the Finnish Institute of International Affairs, is another helpful source.
Susan Ruth LarsonThe Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
