4chan and 8chan (8kun), imageboard websites that are characterized primarily by the anonymity of their users and their loosely moderated, sometimes graphic or extreme content. Imageboards allow participants to post text and photos and to host threaded conversations on topics as varied as music,

mobile telephone: Development of cellular systems: …led to the development of 4G technology. In 2008 the ITU set forward a list of requirements for what it called IMT-Advanced, or 4G; these requirements included data rates of 1 gigabit per second for a stationary user and 100 megabits per second for a moving user. The ITU in…

fourth-generation language (4GL), computer programming language that is intended to be easier for users than machine languages (first-generation), assembly languages (second-generation), and the older high-level languages (third-generation). 4GLs are closer to human language than other high-level

thorium series, set of unstable heavy nuclei comprising one of the four radioactive

Battle of Stalingrad: Hermann Hoth’s Fourth Panzer Army from Army Group B to Army Group A to help in the Caucasus.

Melissa Etheridge: Her later albums included 4th Street Feeling (2012), on which she played all the guitar parts; Memphis Rock and Soul (2016), a collection of classic covers; and The Medicine Show (2019), her 15th studio album. For One Way Out (2021), Etheridge performed songs that she had written decades earlier.

Richard Howe, Earl Howe British admiral who commanded the Channel fleet at the Battle of the First of June (1794) during the French Revolutionary Wars. Howe entered the navy in 1740, saw much active service, especially in North America, and was rapidly promoted. By the death of his elder brother,

number symbolism: 5: The sum of the first even and odd numbers (2 + 3) is 5. (To the Pythagoreans 1 was not a number and was not odd.) It therefore symbolizes human life and—in the Platonic and Pythagorean traditions—marriage, as the sum of the female 2…

Jackson Mac Low: …first time when he wrote 5 biblical poems (1954–55). The poems in that series were derived from a haphazard collection of lines from the Hebrew scriptures and included slashes to represent rhythmic silences. The numbers of words and silences per line were determined by the throw of a die. At…

Henry Hathaway: Later work: …The Last Safari (1967) and Five Card Stud (1968) received tepid responses from filmgoers, Hathaway scored a major hit with True Grit (1969), an adaptation of Charles Portis’s best seller. For his portrayal of the drunken, cantankerous, but endearing U.S. Marshal Rooster Cogburn, Wayne received a long-denied Oscar. Hathaway’s last…

Joseph L. Mankiewicz: Films of the 1950s: The World War II thriller 5 Fingers (1952) featured a notable performance by James Mason as a British ambassador’s valet who sells information to the Nazis. It earned Mankiewicz his third Oscar nomination for directing.

Health, money, and other priorities. As your parents get older, it’s likely they’ll need more help across the board—from handling health problems to managing money, never mind trickier questions of where (and how) they want to live out their last years. But that’s not the hard part. The real

organometallic compound: Historical developments: …nature are the vitamin B12 coenzyme, which contains a cobalt-carbon (Co―C) bond, and dimethylmercury, H3C―Hg―CH3, which is produced by bacteria to eliminate the toxic metal mercury. However, organometallic compounds are generally unusual in biological processes.

carboxylic acid: Unsaturated aliphatic acids: Arachidonic acid is important because the human body uses it as a starting material in the synthesis of two kinds of essential substances, the prostaglandins and the leukotrienes, both of which are also unsaturated carboxylic acids. Examples are PGE2 (a prostaglandin) and LTB4 (a leukotriene).…

prostate cancer: Prevention: …by inhibiting an enzyme called 5-alpha-reductase, which converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone. The drug has been shown to be effective in reducing the number of men with high-risk PSA levels who are diagnosed with prostate cancer; its use is controversial, however, given the unreliability of PSA screening.

cholesterol, a waxy substance that is present in blood plasma and in all animal tissues. Chemically, cholesterol is an organic compound belonging to the steroid family; its molecular formula is C27H46O. In its pure state it is a white, crystalline substance that is odourless and tasteless.

serotonin, a chemical substance that is derived from the amino acid tryptophan. It occurs in the brain, intestinal tissue, blood platelets, and mast cells and is a constituent of many venoms, including wasp venom and toad venom. Serotonin is a potent vasoconstrictor and functions as a

statin: levels by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA (5-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A) reductase, which is required for cholesterol synthesis. Examples of statins include simvastatin, pravastatin, and lovastatin. Statins are generally quite safe, but side effects may include muscle pain and fatigue. A rare side effect called myopathy, characterized by muscle degeneration, has been associated…

serotonin, a chemical substance that is derived from the amino acid tryptophan. It occurs in the brain, intestinal tissue, blood platelets, and mast cells and is a constituent of many venoms, including wasp venom and toad venom. Serotonin is a potent vasoconstrictor and functions as a

serotonin, a chemical substance that is derived from the amino acid tryptophan. It occurs in the brain, intestinal tissue, blood platelets, and mast cells and is a constituent of many venoms, including wasp venom and toad venom. Serotonin is a potent vasoconstrictor and functions as a

thyme: …of its essential oil is thymol, or thyme camphor, which is used in the manufacture of perfumes and dentifrices. Some thyme varieties are grown as ornamental ground covers.

metabolism: Pyrimidine ribonucleotides: …phosphate moiety (reaction [73]) from 5-phosphoribose 1-pyrophosphate (PRPP); PRPP, which is formed from ribose 5-phosphate and ATP, also initiates the pathways for biosynthesis of purine nucleotides and of histidine. The product loses carbon dioxide to yield the parent pyrimidine nucleotide, uridylic acid (UMP; reaction [73]).

hip-hop: American hip-hop in the 21st century: …then supported New York City-born 50 Cent, who achieved multiplatinum status with 2003’s Get Rich or Die Tryin’. However, Dr. Dre remained mostly silent for the remainder of the decade, working on technology for a new brand of headphones. Those efforts would come to fruition with Beats Electronics, a consumer…

Drew Barrymore: … (2012), and the romantic comedies 50 First Dates (2004), Fever Pitch (2005), Music and Lyrics (2007), He’s Just Not That Into You (2009), and Going the Distance (2010).

drug: Dose-response relationship: A useful measure is the median effective dose, ED50, which is defined as the dose producing a response that is 50 percent of the maximum obtainable. ED50 values provide a useful way of comparing the potencies of drugs that produce physiologically similar effects at different concentrations. Sometimes the response is…

Seth Rogen: …charms registered in the seriocomic 50/50 (2011), in which he played the supportive best friend of a young man afflicted with spinal cancer, and Take This Waltz (2011), which centred on a love triangle.

minimum viable population: Estimating MVP: They created the “50/500” rule, which suggested that a minimum population size of 50 was necessary to combat inbreeding and a minimum of 500 individuals was needed to reduce genetic drift. Management agencies tended to use the 50/500 rule under the assumption that it was applicable to species…

Sheldon Glueck and Eleanor Glueck: …their thoroughly documented findings as 500 Criminal Careers (1930), a pioneering work in the field. Follow-up studies of the same men were published as Later Criminal Careers (1937) and Criminal Careers in Retrospect (1943). The parallel study Five Hundred Delinquent Women (1934), conducted at the Massachusetts Reformatory for Women, together…

Judith Heumann: …referred to as the “504 Sit-in,” attracted international media attention as the government increased pressure on the activists (many of whom were disabled) to leave by cutting off phone lines and water. The protesters’ creative responses to these measures included deaf protesters’ use of sign language to communicate with…

51 Pegasi, fifth-magnitude star located 48 light-years away from Earth in the constellation Pegasus, the first sunlike star confirmed to possess a planet. 51 Pegasi, which has physical properties (luminosity and temperature, for example) very similar to those of the Sun, became the focus of

51 Pegasi b, the first extrasolar planet confirmed to orbit a sunlike star. The planet orbits a fifth-magnitude star, 51 Pegasi, located 48 light-years away from Earth in the constellation Pegasus. 51 Pegasi has physical properties (luminosity and temperature, for example) very similar to those of

Eddie Van Halen: Career and personal life: …released their first number-one album, 5150, which features the hit song “Why Can’t This Be Love.” The next three Van Halen studio albums, OU812 (1988), For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge (1991), and Balance (1995) also reached number one on the album chart. The relationship between Eddie Van Halen and Hagar began…

John Frankenheimer: The 1970s and ’80s: The brutal dramas 52 Pick-Up (1986) and Dead Bang (1989) were also critical and commercial failures.

Billy Joel: …award-winning platinum albums continued with 52nd Street (1979), winner of the Grammy for album of the year; Glass Houses (1980); and The Nylon Curtain (1982). On the last, Joel, whose lyrics had previously dealt primarily with romance and slices of life, introduced his first socially conscious songs, “Allentown” and “Goodnight…

Jean Nouvel: …skyscraper, 53 West 53 (or 53W53), New York City, was completed in 2019. The tower provided several levels of gallery space to the adjacent Museum of Modern Art. Projects from the 2020s include the Henderson CIFI Tiandi building (2021), a mixed-use building in Shanghai, the facade of which is covered…

Toots and the Maytals: …emerging style of reggae, “54-46 (That’s My Number).” A pumping, frantic account of Hibbert’s term in prison on a marijuana charge, it is considered one of reggae’s greatest songs. Subsequent hits included “Do the Reggay” (thought to be the first explicit use of the term), “Monkey Man,” “Funky Kingston,”…

54th Regiment, Massachusetts infantry unit made up of African Americans that was active during the American Civil War (1861–65). The 54th Regiment became famous for its fighting prowess and for the great courage of its members. Its exploits were depicted in the 1989 film Glory. The abolitionist

54th Regiment, Massachusetts infantry unit made up of African Americans that was active during the American Civil War (1861–65). The 54th Regiment became famous for its fighting prowess and for the great courage of its members. Its exploits were depicted in the 1989 film Glory. The abolitionist

54th Regiment, Massachusetts infantry unit made up of African Americans that was active during the American Civil War (1861–65). The 54th Regiment became famous for its fighting prowess and for the great courage of its members. Its exploits were depicted in the 1989 film Glory. The abolitionist

55 Days at Peking, American war film, released in 1963, that is an epic retelling of the siege of foreign legations in Beijing (Peking) during the Boxer Rebellion. The film is set during the 1900 uprising, in which Chinese nationals sought to drive out foreigners whom they believed were undermining

Max Wolf: In 1906 he discovered Achilles, the first of the Trojan planets, two groups of asteroids that move around the Sun in Jupiter’s orbit: one group 60° ahead of Jupiter, the other 60° behind.

5G, fifth-generation telecommunications technology. Introduced in 2019 and now globally deployed, 5G delivers faster connectivity with higher bandwidth and “lower latency” (shorter delay times), improving the performance of phone calls, streaming, videoconferencing, gaming, and business

serotonin, a chemical substance that is derived from the amino acid tryptophan. It occurs in the brain, intestinal tissue, blood platelets, and mast cells and is a constituent of many venoms, including wasp venom and toad venom. Serotonin is a potent vasoconstrictor and functions as a

nervous system: Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine): Serotonin receptors, or 5HT receptors, activate calcium and potassium channels through linking proteins and the cAMP second-messenger systems. After acting on the postsynaptic receptors, the neurotransmitter is taken up by the presynaptic terminal and enzymatically degraded.

cri-du-chat syndrome, congenital disorder caused by partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 5. It is named for its characteristic symptom, a high-pitched wailing cry likened to that of a cat (the name is French for “cat cry”), which occurs in most affected infants. It has an incidence of

Battle of the Chosin Reservoir: Advancing to Chosin: …reinforced regiments, the 7th and 5th Marines, in column and moving cautiously. Each regiment was a regimental combat team with attached artillery battalions, a tank company, engineers, and headquarters and service units. On November 15 lead elements of the 7th Marines reached Hagaru-ri. From there the regiment prepared for its…

number symbolism: 6: By a wonderful conjunction of mathematical coincidences, 6 is both the sum (1 + 2 + 3) and the product (1 × 2 × 3) of the first three numbers. It is therefore considered “perfect.” In mathematics, a perfect number is one that equals…

Antony Gormley: For 6 Times (2010; in Edinburgh), he placed six figures along the Water of Leith, four of them partly submerged in the water, one partly buried on land, and the sixth standing at the end of an old pier, facing the sea.

Ryan Reynolds: Hollywood career: …(played by Denzel Washington); and 6 Underground (2019), about a billionaire who recruits a team to overthrow a dictator. In 2021 he starred in Free Guy, portraying a bank teller who learns he is a character in a video game; the sci-fi comedy also featured Jodie Comer. In The Adam…

Tyrian purple, naturally occurring dye highly valued in antiquity. It is closely related to indigo

metabolism: The oxidation of pyruvate: …(S) of the coenzyme (6,8-dithio-n-octanoate or lipS2) of the second enzyme in the complex, dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (enzyme 2). The hydroxyethyl group attaches to lipS2 at one of its sulfur atoms, as shown in [35]; the result is that coenzyme lipS2 is reduced and the hydroxyethyl moiety is oxidized.

cytokinin: Cytokinins such as 6-furfurylaminopurine (kinetin) are used commercially in the storage of green vegetables to reduce yellowing. In horticultural tissue culture, high auxin and low cytokinin conditions give rise to root development, whereas low auxin and high cytokinin conditions encourage shoot development.

organosulfur compound: Thiols: …as a corrosion inhibitor, whereas 6-mercaptopurine has been employed in cancer therapy.

metabolism: The phosphogluconate pathway: …product of the reaction is 6-phosphogluconate.

Tiananmen Square incident, series of protests and demonstrations in China in the spring of 1989 that culminated on the night of June 3–4 with a government crackdown on the demonstrators in Tiananmen Square in Beijing. Although the demonstrations and their subsequent repression occurred in cities

60 Minutes, prime-time American television news show. It debuted in 1968 on CBS and has become one of the most successful programs in broadcast history. Created by Don Hewitt and grounded in investigative journalism, 60 Minutes is television’s longest continually running prime-time series. The

60 Minutes, prime-time American television news show. It debuted in 1968 on CBS and has become one of the most successful programs in broadcast history. Created by Don Hewitt and grounded in investigative journalism, 60 Minutes is television’s longest continually running prime-time series. The

carbon: Properties and uses: Spheroidal, closed-cage fullerenes are called buckerminsterfullerenes, or “buckyballs,” and cylindrical fullerenes are called nanotubes. A fourth form, called Q-carbon, is crystalline and magnetic. Yet another form, called amorphous carbon, has no crystalline structure. Other forms—such as carbon black, charcoal, lampblack, coal, and

61 Cygni, first star whose distance from Earth was measured. German astronomer Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel obtained a value of 10.3 light-years in 1838; the European Space Agency satellite Hipparcos made much more accurate distance measurements than ground-based telescopes had accomplished and

Billy Crystal: …love of baseball in directing 61* (2001), about the 1961 race of Roger Maris and Mickey Mantle to beat Babe Ruth’s home run record. In 2004 Crystal made his Broadway debut with 700 Sundays, an autobiographical solo show focusing heavily on his relationship with his father; it won a Tony…

Antichrist: …with Antichrist’s sign, the number 666 (Revelation 13:18).

asteroid: Trojan asteroids: …two more were found: (617) Patroclus, located near the trailing Lagrangian point, and (624) Hektor, near the leading Lagrangian point. It was later decided to continue naming such asteroids after participants in the Trojan War as recounted in Homer’s epic work the Iliad and, furthermore, to name those near the…

asteroid: Trojan asteroids: …trailing Lagrangian point, and (624) Hektor, near the leading Lagrangian point. It was later decided to continue naming such asteroids after participants in the Trojan War as recounted in Homer’s epic work the Iliad and, furthermore, to name those near the leading point after Greek warriors and those near the…

Julio Cortázar: …62: modelo para armar (1968; 62: A Model Kit), and Libro de Manuel (1973; A Manual for Manuel). A series of playful and humorous stories that Cortázar wrote between 1952 and 1959 were published in Historias de cronopios y de famas (1962; Cronopios and Famas). His later collections of short…

Julio Cortázar: …62: modelo para armar (1968; 62: A Model Kit), and Libro de Manuel (1973; A Manual for Manuel). A series of playful and humorous stories that Cortázar wrote between 1952 and 1959 were published in Historias de cronopios y de famas (1962; Cronopios and Famas). His later collections of short…

James Purdy: …Name and Other Stories and 63: Dream Palace, a novella (both 1956)—were rejected by a number of American publishing houses and were first published by Purdy through a subsidy publisher. These books won the support of Dame Edith Sitwell and, following their publication in England, met with critical acclaim in…

quiz show: …the spectacular top prize of The $64,000 Question on television. The era of television’s big-money quiz shows began in 1955.

Germanic law: …had similar functions, while the Edictum Rothari (643) applied to Lombards only.

Antichrist: …with Antichrist’s sign, the number 666 (Revelation 13:18).

comet: Spacecraft exploration of comets: …hieroglyphics) on a trajectory to Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (67P). Rendezvous with 67P took place on August 6, 2014. Along the way, Rosetta successfully flew by the asteroids 2849 Steins and 21 Lutetia and obtained considerable scientific data. Rosetta uses 11 scientific instruments to study the nucleus, coma, and solar wind interaction.…

Battle of Stalingrad: …the eastward advance of the Sixth Army, under Gen. Friedrich Paulus, with 330,000 of the German army’s finest troops. The Red Army, however, put up a determined resistance, yielding ground only very slowly and at a high cost to the Sixth Army as it approached Stalingrad.

Jacob L. Devers: …during World War II, whose 6th Army Group successfully penetrated German-held positions in central Europe and helped wrest the mainland from Nazi control.

Yvonne Jacquette: …View at Night (1978) and 6th Ave Night, with Traffic II (2008), both of which paired an aerial perspective with her longtime use of New York City as subject matter. Other cities featured in her paintings include San Francisco, Chicago, New Orleans, Tokyo, Hong Kong, and Vancouver.

Arnold Schwarzenegger: … (1990), True Lies (1994), and The 6th Day (2000).

September: …from septem, Latin for “seven,” an indication of its position in the early Roman calendar.

Richard Bissell: …71⁄2 Cents (1953; British title A Gross of Pyjamas), based on his experiences as a supervisor in a pajama factory in Dubuque. In collaboration with George Abbott, he turned 71⁄2 Cents into a musical, The Pajama Game (1954), which had a long run on Broadway and was made into a…

George Pal: Pal’s last film, 7 Faces of Dr. Lao (1964), based on Charles G. Finney’s novel, was a fantasy set in the 19th-century American West. Tony Randall starred in the title role of a magician whose exotic traveling circus is capable of teaching many lessons to those willing to…

London bombings of 2005, coordinated suicide bomb attacks on the London transit system on the morning of July 7, 2005. At 8:50 am explosions tore through three trains on the London Underground, killing 39. An hour later 13 people were killed when a bomb detonated on the upper deck of a bus in

scanning tunneling microscope: Applications: …complex pattern known as the Takayanagi 7 × 7 structure. The position, the chemical reactivity, and the electronic configuration of each atomic site on the 7 × 7 surface has been measured with the STM. The reconstruction of the silicon surface designated (100) is more simple. The surface atoms form…

Group of Eight: The original Group of 7 (G7) responded by indefinitely suspending Russia’s membership in the group, effectively dissolving the larger G8.

Adolf Windaus: Windaus discovered 7-dehydrocholesterol, which is the chemical precursor of vitamin D, and he showed that it is a steroid. He discovered that it is converted into the vitamin when one of its chemical bonds is broken by the action of sunlight. This explained why exposure to sunlight…

7-Eleven, retailer that operates more than 60,000 convenience stores, mostly in North America and Asia. The typical outlet is small in size and carries a limited stock of food, drinks, and other high-turnover products but stays open long hours. Although a subsidiary of the Tokyo-based Seven & i

isoprenoid: Sesquiterpenes: …sesquiterpenes, the cadalene and the eudalene types, and the carbon skeleton of a sesquiterpene may frequently be determined by heating it with sulfur or selenium to effect dehydrogenation to the corresponding naphthalenic hydrocarbons: cadalene, 4-isopropyl-1,6-dimethylnaphthalene; or eudalene, 7-isopropyl-1-methylnaphthalene. In those cases in which sulfur dehydrogenation fails to yield information about…

London bombings of 2005, coordinated suicide bomb attacks on the London transit system on the morning of July 7, 2005. At 8:50 am explosions tore through three trains on the London Underground, killing 39. An hour later 13 people were killed when a bomb detonated on the upper deck of a bus in

star: Visual binaries: …example, for the binary system 70 Ophiuchi, P is 87.8 years, and the distance is 5.0 parsecs; thus, a is 22.8 astronomical units, and m1 + m2 = 1.56 solar masses. From a measurement of the motions of the two members relative to the background stars, the orbit of each…

José Maria de Eça de Queirós: …reform and known as the Generation of ’70. Eça de Queirós denounced contemporary Portuguese literature as unoriginal and hypocritical.

Pat Robertson: …mainstay was his talk show, The 700 Club—originally hosted by the rising televangelist Jim Bakker, who left CBN in 1972. Robertson subsequently founded CBN University in Virginia Beach, Virginia, and it opened to students in 1978. The school’s name was changed to Regent University in 1990.

Billy Crystal: …made his Broadway debut with 700 Sundays, an autobiographical solo show focusing heavily on his relationship with his father; it won a Tony Award for special theatrical event. He adapted the monologue into a memoir, also titled 700 Sundays, in 2005. The stage production was revived in 2013 for a…

Boeing 707, the first successful commercial passenger jetliner. The mid- to long-range narrow-body four-engine aircraft with a swept-wing design was developed and manufactured by the Boeing Company. It made its first flight on December 20, 1957, and entered commercial service on October 26, 1958.

Michael Haneke: …einer Chronologie des Zufalls (1994; 71 Fragments of a Chronology of Chance), a fractured mosaic of mundane moments that culminate in an incident of random violence. Although some critics deemed his films mere exercises in nihilism, Haneke considered them attempts to attune viewers to the ways in which the structures…

Michael Haneke: …einer Chronologie des Zufalls (1994; 71 Fragments of a Chronology of Chance), a fractured mosaic of mundane moments that culminate in an incident of random violence. Although some critics deemed his films mere exercises in nihilism, Haneke considered them attempts to attune viewers to the ways in which the structures…

Boeing Company: History of Boeing Company: …707 was followed by the 727 trijet and 737 twinjet, which entered service in 1964 and 1968, respectively. The 737 was developed into a modern family of planes, and by the end of the 20th century it had become the world’s best-selling commercial aircraft. The high development costs of the…

Boeing Company: History of Boeing Company: …by the 727 trijet and 737 twinjet, which entered service in 1964 and 1968, respectively. The 737 was developed into a modern family of planes, and by the end of the 20th century it had become the world’s best-selling commercial aircraft. The high development costs of the 747 “Jumbo Jet,”…

Boeing Company: History of Boeing Company: …high development costs of the 747 “Jumbo Jet,” the world’s first wide-body jetliner, almost forced Boeing into bankruptcy, but, when the 400-seat aircraft went into service in 1970, it allowed airlines to offer affordable long-range air travel for the general public and gave Boeing a monopoly position in this market…

Air Force One: …have been in service: identical Boeing 747-200B jumbo jets bearing the tail numbers 28000 and 29000 and the Air Force designation VC-25A.

Boeing Company: History of Boeing Company: …followed by its twin-engine, single-aisle 757 the next year. By featuring a common flight deck for the two aircraft, pilots who trained and qualified on one plane could also fly the other, thus reducing cost and increasing productivity for carriers. This concept of commonality also applied to more than 40…

flag of the United States of America: The new Stars and Stripes formed part of the military colours carried on September 11, 1777, at the Battle of the Brandywine, perhaps its first such use.

Boeing Company: History of Boeing Company: …first flew its twin-engine, wide-body Boeing 767, followed by its twin-engine, single-aisle 757 the next year. By featuring a common flight deck for the two aircraft, pilots who trained and qualified on one plane could also fly the other, thus reducing cost and increasing productivity for carriers. This concept of…

77 Dream Songs, volume of verse by American poet John Berryman, published in 1964. It was awarded a Pulitzer Prize in 1965 and was later published together with its sequel, His Toy, His Dream, His Rest (1968), as The Dream Songs (1969). The entire sequence of 385 verses, consisting of three

Group of 77 (G-77), loose alliance of developing countries established on June 15, 1964. The name of the group derives from the 77 original signatories to the Joint Declaration of the Seventy-Seven Countries at the conclusion of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) in