Greece: Greece under Otto of Wittelsbach: …the military coup of September 1843. Nearly bloodless, the coup was the first of many military interventions in Greece’s political process. Otto was forced to grant a constitution (promulgated in 1844), which was a liberal document by the standards of the day, providing for virtually universal manhood suffrage (although women…

Greece: Greece under Otto of Wittelsbach: …grant a constitution (promulgated in 1844), which was a liberal document by the standards of the day, providing for virtually universal manhood suffrage (although women were barred from voting until as late as 1952). However, Otto, together with his crafty prime minister, Ioánnis Koléttis, was able to overturn the new…

Great Famine, famine that occurred in Ireland in 1845–49 when the potato crop failed in successive years. The crop failures were caused by late blight, a disease that destroys both the leaves and the edible roots, or tubers, of the potato plant. The causative agent of late blight is the water mold

Poland: Emigration and revolt: …an uprising was planned for 1846. Stanched by arrests in Poznań, it got off the ground only in Kraków (where a national government was proclaimed) and in the neighbouring districts of western Galicia. The Kraków rising was put down by Austrian troops, and the city was annexed; elsewhere peasant antagonism…

Revolutions of 1848, series of republican revolts against European monarchies, beginning in Sicily and spreading to France, Germany, Italy, and the Austrian Empire. They all ended in failure and repression and were followed by widespread disillusionment among liberals. The revolutionary movement

Compromise of 1850, in U.S. history, a series of measures proposed by the “great compromiser,” Sen. Henry Clay of Kentucky, and passed by the U.S. Congress in an effort to settle several outstanding slavery issues and to avert the threat of dissolution of the Union. The crisis arose from the

Austria: Neoabsolutist era, 1849–60: …more backward developments was the concordat reached with the papacy that gave the church jurisdiction in marriage questions, partial control of censorship, and oversight of elementary and secondary education. Priests entrusted with religious education in the schools had the authority to see to it that instruction in any field, be…

Mexico: La Reforma: ” The constitution of 1857 prohibited slavery and abridgments of freedom of speech or press; it abolished special courts and prohibited civil and ecclesiastical corporations from owning property, except buildings in use; it eliminated monopolies; it prescribed that Mexico was to be a representative, democratic, republican country;…

panic: The Panic of 1857 in the United States, for example, was the outcome of a number of developments, including the railroads’ defaulting on their bonds, the resultant decline in the value of rail securities, and the tying up of bank assets in nonliquid railroad investments. Its…

Canadian literature: The literary movement of 1860: …Mouvement Littéraire de Québec (Literary Movement of Quebec). Often congregating at the bookstore of poet Octave Crémazie, its dozen members shared patriotic, conservative, and strongly Roman Catholic convictions about the survival of French Canada. Their spokesman, Henri-Raymond Casgrain, promoted a messianic view of the spiritual mission of French Canadians…

January Insurrection, (1863–64), Polish rebellion against Russian rule in Poland; the insurrection was unsuccessful and resulted in the imposition of tighter Russian control over Poland. After Alexander II became emperor of Russia and king of Poland in 1855, the strict and repressive regime that

Italy: Condition of the Italian kingdom: …Minghetti, another moderate, negotiated the September Convention, a compromise that required French troops to withdraw from Rome in exchange for an Italian pledge to respect the pope’s temporal sovereignty and to remain out of Rome. A secret clause in the agreement also bound Italy to transfer its capital from Turin…

Ausgleich, the compact, finally concluded on Feb. 8, 1867, that regulated the relations between Austria and Hungary and established the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. The kingdom of Hungary had desired equal status with the Austrian Empire, which was weakened by its defeat in the Seven Weeks’

Spain: The Revolution of 1868 and the Republic of 1873: The revolution that led to the dethronement of Isabella was the work of army oligarchs led by Francisco Serrano y Domínguez and Progressive conspirators behind Prim. The Democrats became active in setting up juntas after the revolution;…

Spain: The Revolution of 1868 and the Republic of 1873: …universal male suffrage in the constitution of 1869, they ruthlessly suppressed republican risings in the summer of that year. Their problem was to find a constitutional monarch. Prim’s attempt to persuade a Hohenzollern to accept the throne was opposed by France and set off the Franco-German War in 1870. In…

panic: The Panic of 1873, which began with financial crises in Vienna in June and in New York City in September, marked the end of the long-term expansion in the world economy that had begun in the late 1840s. An even greater panic, however, was the stock…

anticlericalism: Spain: The first Spanish Republic (1873) enacted some anticlerical laws, but these were repealed or disregarded when the monarchy was restored in 1875. During an anticlerical outbreak in 1909, mobs burned churches and attacked priests. As a pacification measure, religious orders were restricted in number and taxes…

United States: The Ulysses S. Grant administrations, 1869–77: The circumstances surrounding the disputed election of 1876 strengthened Hayes’s intention to work with the Southern whites, even if it meant abandoning the few Radical regimes that remained in the South. In an election marked by widespread fraud and many irregularities, the Democratic candidate, Samuel J. Tilden, received the…

Faith Hill: …Elliott in the TV series 1883 (2021– ), a western drama that was a prequel to the hit show Yellowstone.

Italy: Domestic policies: …first government was the new tariff of 1887. It was a response to demands from northern steel and textile interests, from farmers (also mainly from the north) who faced imports of cheap American grain or Asian rice, and from social reformers eager to secure legislative measures that employers could afford.…

Hong Kong: British administration: By the Convention of 1898, the New Territories together with 235 islands were leased to Britain for 99 years from July 1, 1898. With this expansion of territory, Hong Kong’s population leaped to 120,000 in 1861 and to more than 300,000 by the end of the century.

Generation of 1898, in Spain, the novelists, poets, essayists, and thinkers active at the time of the Spanish-American War (1898), who reinvigorated Spanish letters and restored Spain to a position of intellectual and literary prominence that it had not held for centuries. The shock of Spain’s

hydrocarbon: Annulenes and the Hückel rule: [18]-Annulene is predicted to be aromatic by the Hückel rule (4n + 2 = 18 when n = 4). The structure shown has a shape that makes it free of angle strain and is large enough so that repulsive forces between hydrogen atoms in the…

Paris Agreement: Background: At the 18th Conference of the Parties (COP18), held in Doha, Qatar, in 2012, delegates agreed to extend the Kyoto Protocol until 2020. They also reaffirmed their pledge from COP17, which had been held in Durban, South Africa, in 2011, to create a new, comprehensive, legally binding…

El Salvador: El Salvador in the 21st century: …Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13) and the 18th Street Gang (Mara 18). In March 2012 mediation by Roman Catholic clerics led to a truce between the gangs that resulted in a significant decline in the country’s skyrocketing homicide rate. In 2013, however, the truce began to collapse and violence again escalated. Large…

Adele: …herself) released her first album, 19, in 2008. (The title referred to the age at which she penned most of the tracks.) The recording debuted at number one on the British album chart, and critics praised Adele’s supple phrasing, her tasteful arrangements, and her ability to channel her intimate emotional…

number symbolism: 19: Eclipses of the Sun tend to recur in periods of 19 years. The Babylonians considered the 19th day of the month to be unlucky because it was 49 days from the beginning of the previous month (add 30), and, since 49 = 7 ×…

film: Film directing: >1900) and The Last Emperor (1987), and with narrative structure, as in Roberto Rossellini’s Paisà (1946; Paisan) and Ettore Scola’s Le Bal (1983; The Ball), which abandon traditional plot construction and a single story line in favour of separate short episodes that are thematically or…

Russian Revolution of 1905, uprising that was instrumental in convincing Tsar Nicholas II to attempt the transformation of the Russian government from an autocracy into a constitutional monarchy. For several years before 1905 and especially after the humiliating Russo-Japanese War (1904–05),

“It would be no exaggeration,” declared The New York Times, to say that the finish of the marathon at the 1908 Olympics in London was “the most thrilling athletic event that has occurred since that Marathon race in ancient Greece, where the victor fell at the goal and, with a wave of triumph,

David Lloyd George: Early life: …George framed the famous “People’s Budget” of 1909, calling for taxes upon unearned increment on the sale of land and on land values, higher death duties, and a supertax on incomes above £3,000. Moreover, it seemed for a time that the House of Lords’ veto on progressive legislation would…

Rupert Brooke: …work is the sonnet sequence 1914.

Sam Mendes: …big screen, directing the acclaimed 1917, about World War I. The film, which he also cowrote, received the Golden Globe for best drama, and Mendes won for best director. It later garnered 10 Oscar nominations, including best picture and nods for best director and best original screenplay for Mendes. In…

constitution of 1917, the fundamental law of the Mexican federal republic. Amended several times, it guarantees personal freedoms and civil liberties and also establishes economic and political principles for the country. In 1916, with most of central and southern Mexico under his Constitutionalist

Russian Revolution, two revolutions in 1917, the first of which, in February (March, New Style), overthrew the imperial government and the second of which, in October (November), placed the Bolsheviks in power. (Read Leon Trotsky’s 1926 Britannica essay on Lenin.) Centuries of virtually unchecked

German Empire: The Revolution of 1918–19: The change to constitutional monarchy had been carried through peacefully, at the order of the high command. At the end of October the Reichstag resolved that the chancellor must henceforth possess the confidence of the Reichstag, and this resolution was approved by…

U.S.A.: …up to World War I; 1919 (1932), dealing with the war and the critical year of the Treaty of Versailles; and The Big Money (1936), which moves from the boom of the 1920s to the bust of the 1930s. Dos Passos reinforced the histories of his fictional characters with interpolated…

Roaring Twenties, colloquial term for the 1920s, especially within the United States and other Western countries where the decade was characterized by economic prosperity, rapid social and cultural change, and a mood of exuberant optimism. The liveliness of the period stands in marked contrast to

Conservative Party: Policy and structure: …a body known as the 1922 Committee (so called because its founding members were first returned to Parliament in 1922), through which they keep the leadership informed of their opinions; they also serve on a variety of specialized committees. The committees, covering subjects such as foreign affairs and finance, meet…

Harrison Ford: …Mirren in the TV series 1923 (2022– ), a prequel to the hugely popular Yellowstone. It was Ford’s first major television role, and he portrayed the patriarch of a ranching family in Montana. He next appeared in the series Shrinking (2023– ), a dramedy that centres on a trio of…

The stories of British runners Eric Liddell and Harold Abrahams are known to many through the 1981 Academy Award-winning film Chariots of Fire. As the movie tells it, Liddell was boarding a boat to the 1924 Paris Olympics when he discovered that the qualifying heats for his event, the 100-metre

Generation of 1927, in Spain, a group of poets and other writers who rose to prominence in the late 1920s and who derived their collective name from the year in which several of them produced important commemorative editions of the poetry of Luis de Góngora y Argote on the tercentenary of his

Generation of 1927, in Spain, a group of poets and other writers who rose to prominence in the late 1920s and who derived their collective name from the year in which several of them produced important commemorative editions of the poetry of Luis de Góngora y Argote on the tercentenary of his

Banana Massacre, the unprovoked killing of United Fruit Company workers and their supporters in Ciénaga, Magdalena department, Colombia, by federal troops under the command of Colombian Gen. Carlos Cortés Vargas on December 6, 1928. Estimates of the number of deaths range from fewer than 50 to more

Lateran Treaty, treaty (effective June 7, 1929, to June 3, 1985) between Italy and the Vatican. It was signed by Benito Mussolini for the Italian government and by cardinal secretary of state Pietro Gasparri for the papacy and confirmed by the Italian constitution of 1948. Upon ratification of the

Lateran Treaty, treaty (effective June 7, 1929, to June 3, 1985) between Italy and the Vatican. It was signed by Benito Mussolini for the Italian government and by cardinal secretary of state Pietro Gasparri for the papacy and confirmed by the Italian constitution of 1948. Upon ratification of the

Stella Walsh’s story is perhaps one of the most unusual of any Olympic athlete. She was born Stefania Walasiewicz in Poland in 1911, and her family immigrated to the United States shortly thereafter, changing their name to Walsh and settling in Cleveland, Ohio, where she grew up. As a teenager,

Promoters Revolution, (June 24, 1932), in the history of Thailand, a bloodless coup that overthrew the Thai king, put an end to absolute monarchy in Thailand, and initiated the so-called Constitutional Era. The coup was headed by a group of men often referred to as the “promoters.” They included

Third Reich: The totalitarian police state: The concordat which the Vatican had signed with the new German government on July 20, 1933, did not protect the Catholic community in Germany from constant interference and persecution by the Nazi authorities. The refusal of German Protestants to accept the authority of the Nazi-sponsored German…

Helene Mayer, a talented fencer whose father was Jewish, was selected to represent Germany at the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin only after considerable political wrangling. The International Olympic Committee insisted that a Jewish athlete be placed on the German team as proof that Jews were not

constitution: Constitutional change: The Stalin constitution continued, together with the Rules of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, to serve as the formal framework of government until the ratification of a new, though rather similar, constitution in 1977. The procedures established by these documents, however, were not able…

Eugene Fodor: His first book, 1936—On the Continent, was a best seller in Europe and the United States. Fodor was on a business trip in the United States at the outset of World War II, and he remained there, becoming a naturalized citizen in 1942 and serving in the U.S.…

Providence: …damage was caused by a hurricane and storm surge in 1938, and, as a protection, the Fox Point Hurricane Barrier was completed in 1966. Renovations to the city in the late 20th century included uncovering and rerouting the two downtown rivers that had been paved over and constructing a new…

Steven Spielberg: Commercial success: After the disappointing 1941 (1979)—which was received as an unfunny comedy, despite the presence of John Belushi and Dan Aykroyd—Spielberg directed Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981), a loving, expert (if slightly redundant) tribute to old adventure serials. The film and its sequels, which starred Harrison Ford as…

Brazilian literature: Poetry: The poets of the Generation of 1945 provided a new direction, drawing upon Symbolism, Surrealism, and Hermeticism. From this group João Cabral de Melo Neto and Ledo Ivo distinguished themselves, with Melo Neto regarded as being among Brazil’s greatest poets. His Constructivist poetry is characterized by antilyrical language that…

Italy: Constitution of 1948: The Italian state grew out of the kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont, where in 1848 King Charles Albert introduced a constitution that remained the basic law, of his kingdom and later of Italy, for nearly 100 years. It provided for a bicameral parliament with…

That Danish equestrian Lis Hartel was competing at all in the 1952 dressage competition was perhaps more surprising and impressive than the fact that she won the silver medal. She had faced two major obstacles in the years before the 1952 Olympic Games in Helsinki, Finland; one was removed for her

1953 coup in Iran, coup d’état in Iran that occurred in August 1953. Funded by the United States and the United Kingdom, it removed Mohammad Mosaddegh from power and restored Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi as Iran’s leader. Some 300 people died during fighting in Tehrān. With its strategic location and

United States presidential election of 1956, American presidential election held on Nov. 6, 1956, in which incumbent Republican Pres. Dwight D. Eisenhower defeated Democrat Adlai E. Stevenson. It was the second consecutive election in which Stevenson lost to Eisenhower. In the winter of 1955–56

Hungarian Revolution, popular uprising in Hungary in 1956, following a speech by Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev in which he attacked the period of Joseph Stalin’s rule. Encouraged by the new freedom of debate and criticism, a rising tide of unrest and discontent in Hungary broke out into active

1957 flu pandemic, outbreak of influenza that was first identified in February 1957 in East Asia and that subsequently spread to countries worldwide. The 1957 flu pandemic was the second major influenza pandemic to occur in the 20th century; it followed the influenza pandemic of 1918–19 and

France: The genesis of the 1958 constitution: When France fell into political turmoil after the May 1958 insurrection in Algeria (then still a French colony), General Charles de Gaulle, an outspoken critic of the postwar constitution who had served as the provisional head of government in the mid-1940s, returned to…

United States presidential election of 1960, American presidential election held on November 8, 1960, in which Democrat John F. Kennedy narrowly defeated Republican Vice Pres. Richard M. Nixon. Kennedy thus became the first Roman Catholic and the youngest person ever elected president. Kennedy was

1960s counterculture, a broad-ranging social movement in the United States, Canada, and western Europe that rejected conventional mores and traditional authorities and whose members variously advocated peace, love, social justice, and revolution. The 1960s counterculture movement, which generally

Lee Bontecou: …Theater at Lincoln Center, titled 1964. She created an armature that formed two winglike structures spanning 20 feet (6 metres), made from a Plexiglas turret of a World War II bomber and other molded and abstracted shapes. Bontecou continued working in that genre until the birth of her daughter, an…

United States presidential election of 1964, American presidential election held on November 3, 1964, in which Democratic Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson defeated Republican Barry Goldwater in one of the largest landslides in U.S. history. The 1964 election occurred just less than one year after the

Dallas Cowboys: …became known as the “Ice Bowl.” Future Hall of Fame quarterback Roger Staubach arrived in 1969 and went on to establish the Cowboys as a perennial title contender. With Staubach the Cowboys won five NFC championships and two Super Bowls (1972 and 1978), and the popular franchise, which also…

Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.): History: …adopted a new confession, the Confession of 1967, which with several historic Presbyterian confessions is contained in the church’s Book of Confessions.

1968 flu pandemic, global outbreak of influenza that originated in China in July 1968 and lasted until 1969–70. The outbreak was the third influenza pandemic to occur in the 20th century; it followed the 1957 flu pandemic and the influenza pandemic of 1918–19. The 1968 flu pandemic resulted in an

United States presidential election of 1968, American presidential election held on November 5, 1968, in which Republican Richard M. Nixon defeated Democrat Hubert H. Humphrey. The run-up to the 1968 election was transformed in 1967 when Minnesota’s Democratic senator, Eugene J. McCarthy,

Spanish literature: The novel: The Generation of 1968 was recognized in the 1980s as a distinct novelistic group. It includes Esther Tusquets, Álvaro Pombo, and Javier Tomeo, together with nearly a dozen others who belong to this group chronologically if not by reason of aesthetic or thematic similarities. Tusquets is…

Yemen: Two Yemeni states: …North Yemen agreed upon the Compromise of 1970, which established a republican government in which some major positions were assigned to members of the royalist faction. It was agreed that the imam and his family were not to return to Yemen or to play any role whatsoever in the new…

Greek literature: Literature after 1922: The Generation of 1970, in which female and male poets played an equal part, came of age during the military dictatorship of 1967–74. Their poetry is characterized by the challenge it makes to social conformity, but it also shows the influence of the modernization and globalization…

United States presidential election of 1972, American presidential election held on November 7, 1972, in which Republican Pres. Richard Nixon was elected to a second term, defeating Democrat George McGovern in one of the largest landslides in U.S. history. In January 1971 McGovern announced his

United States presidential election of 1976, American presidential election held on Nov. 2, 1976, in which Democrat Jimmy Carter defeated Republican Pres. Gerald R. Ford. The campaign was conducted in the aftermath of the Watergate scandal that forced Pres. Richard M. Nixon to become the first

law of war: Civil war: …the conflict) by the second Protocol of 1977, which applies to civil wars in which dissident armed forces, under responsible command, exercise such control over a part of the territory of a contracting state as to enable them to carry out sustained and concerted military operations and to implement the…

Spain: Constitutional framework: …with 22 abstentions) in October 1978. In a December referendum, the draft constitution was then approved by nearly 90 percent of voters. The constitution declares that Spain is a constitutional monarchy and advocates the essential values of freedom, justice, equality, and political pluralism. It also provides for the separation of…

Distance runner Miruts Yifter, a captain in the Ethiopian air force, became as famous for his quirks and setbacks as he did for his tenacity and victories. His introduction to the international track-and-field scene came at a meet in North Carolina, U.S., in 1971. Unfamiliar with Arabic numbers,

United States presidential election of 1980, American presidential election held on Nov. 4, 1980, in which Republican Ronald Reagan defeated incumbent Democratic Pres. Jimmy Carter. A onetime movie star and president of the Screen Actor’s Guild (1947–1952), Reagan was originally a Democrat but

Ghana: Series of coups: At the end of 1981, Rawlings decided that he and those who thought like him must take the lead in all walks of life, and he again overthrew the government. His second military coup established a Provisional National Defense Council as the supreme national government; at local levels, people’s…

1983 Beirut barracks bombings, terrorist bombing attacks against U.S. and French armed forces in Beirut on October 23, 1983 that claimed 299 lives. The attacks, which took place amid the sectarian conflict of the extremely damaging Lebanese civil war (1975–90), hastened the removal of the

1983 United States embassy bombing, terrorist attack on the U.S. embassy in Beirut, Lebanon, on April 18, 1983, that killed 63 people. The attack was carried out as a suicide car bombing, in which a Chevrolet pickup truck that had been packed with about 2,000 pounds of explosives sped through the

meteor and meteoroid: Meteor showers: …among the asteroids and named Phaethon. Most researchers believe Phaethon is the burned-out remnant of a once-active comet, but its nature may only be established with observations by spacecraft. For additional information about Phaethon, see asteroid: Asteroids in unusual orbits.

Richard Burton: …The Wild Geese (1978), and 1984 (1984), the latter of which was his final feature film. Burton also occasionally appeared on television, notably playing Winston Churchill in the TV movie The Gathering Storm (1974) and Richard Wagner in the miniseries Wagner, which first aired in the early 1980s and later…

Van Halen: …the hits “Jump” and “Panama,” 1984 (1984) made megastars of the Los Angeles-based band. Soon after, flamboyant lead singer Roth left Van Halen to pursue a solo career. With his replacement, Hagar, the band produced three chart-topping albums between 1986 and 1991, culminating in the Grammy Award-winning For Unlawful Carnal…

It was not medal-winning heroics that made Zola Budd a household name at the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles. Rather, the 18-year-old Budd found herself in the unflattering glare of the spotlight after a collision with her idol—and rival—American Mary Decker (later Mary Decker Slaney). Earlier that

United States presidential election of 1984, American presidential election held on November 6, 1984, in which Republican Ronald Reagan was elected to a second term, defeating Democrat Walter Mondale, a former U.S. vice president. Reagan won 49 states en route to amassing 525 electoral votes to

Lateran Treaty: With the signing of the concordat of 1985, Roman Catholicism was no longer the state religion of Italy. This change in status brought about a number of alterations in Italian society. Perhaps the most significant of these was the end to compulsory religious education in public schools. The new concordat…

Samora Machel: …to Mozambique from Zambia when his plane crashed in South Africa. It was believed by many that the South African government was somehow responsible for the crash, although it strongly denied a connection. Machel’s widow, Graça, who married South African President Nelson Mandela in 1998, gave evidence to South Africa’s…

Uranus: Moons of Uranus: The innermost moon, Cordelia, orbits just inside the outermost rings, Lambda and Epsilon. An 11th tiny inner moon, Perdita, photographed by Voyager near the orbit of Belinda, remained unnoticed in the images until 1999 and was not confirmed until 2003. Two additional inner moons—Cupid, near Belinda’s orbit, and…

Uranus: The ring system: …innermost two moons, Cordelia and Ophelia, orbit on either side of the Epsilon ring at exactly the right radii required for shepherding. Shepherds for the other rings were not observed, perhaps because the moons are too small to be seen in the Voyager images. Small moons may also be reservoirs…

United States presidential election of 1988, American presidential election held on Nov. 8, 1988, in which Republican George Bush defeated Democrat Michael Dukakis. The 1988 campaign featured an open contest on both the Republican and Democratic sides, as Republican Pres. Ronald Reagan was entering

Taylor Swift: Kanye West incident at the VMAs, Red, and 1989: In 2014 Swift released 1989, an album titled after the year of her birth and reportedly inspired by the music of that era. Although Swift had already been steadily moving away from the traditional country signifiers that marked her early work—“I Knew You Were Trouble,” the second single from…

Taylor Swift: Reputation, Lover, Folklore, Evermore, Midnights, and controversies: …Now (Taylor’s Version), followed by 1989 (Taylor’s Version) in October that same year.

Neptune: The ring system: …in the outermost ring, named Adams, where the density of ring particles is particularly high. Although rings also encircle each of the other three giant planets, none displays the striking clumpiness of Adams. The arcs are found within a 45° segment of the ring. From leading to trailing, the most…

Neptune: The ring system: …five known rings of Neptune—Galle, Le Verrier, Lassell, Arago, and Galatea, in order of increasing distance from the planet—lack the nonuniformity in density exhibited by Adams. Le Verrier, which is about 110 km (70 miles) in radial width, closely resembles the nonarc regions of Adams. Similar to the relationship between…

Neptune: The ring system: …five known rings of Neptune—Galle, Le Verrier, Lassell, Arago, and Galatea, in order of increasing distance from the planet—lack the nonuniformity in density exhibited by Adams. Le Verrier, which is about 110 km (70 miles) in radial width, closely resembles the nonarc regions of Adams. Similar to the relationship…

1991 Soviet coup attempt, (August 19–21, 1991), attempt by Communist hard-liners to seize control of the Soviet Union by holding Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev captive. The plotters had little support among the broader political and military establishment, however, and the coup collapsed in a matter of

The pioneering accomplishments of track star Hassiba Boulmerka made her a controversial figure in her native country, Algeria. She was the first woman from an Arab or African nation to win a world track-and-field championship and the first Algerian to win an Olympic gold medal. She inspired strong

United States presidential election of 1992, American presidential election held on Nov. 3, 1992, in which Democrat Bill Clinton defeated incumbent Republican Pres. George Bush. Independent candidate Ross Perot secured nearly 19 percent of the vote—the highest percentage of any third-party