12 Years a Slave, American dramatic film, released in 2013, that impressed critics and audiences with its harrowing depiction of slavery in the antebellum South. The movie won the BAFTA Award and the Academy Award for best picture as well as the Golden Globe Award for best drama. Based on the

Jean de France, duc de Berry: …power by serving on a Council of 12 that he helped create to aid in the administration of France. On the council, Berry worked for peace with England by negotiating with John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, calling for papal mediation, and by helping to postpone an attack on England.

12-hour clock, time convention that splits a 24-hour day into two equal 12-hour periods. The first is referred to as am, which stands for ante meridiem, “before midday” in Latin, while the second is referred to using pm, meaning post meridiem, or “after midday.” This nomenclature is based on the

carboxylic acid: Unsaturated aliphatic acids: Ricinoleic acid, an unsaturated hydroxy acid (i.e., one containing an ―OH group), occurs in castor oil. When this acid is pyrolyzed (heated in the absence of air), it breaks down to give undecylenic acid and n-heptaldehyde.

carboxylic acid: Unsaturated aliphatic acids: Ricinoleic acid, an unsaturated hydroxy acid (i.e., one containing an ―OH group), occurs in castor oil. When this acid is pyrolyzed (heated in the absence of air), it breaks down to give undecylenic acid and n-heptaldehyde.

alcoholism: Social treatment: …strive to follow the “12 Steps,” a nonsectarian spiritual program that includes reliance on God—or any “higher power” as understood by each individual—to help prevent a relapse into drinking. It also includes self-examination; personal acknowledgment of, confession of, and taking responsibility for the harm caused by the member’s alcohol-related…

12-tone music, large body of music, written roughly since World War I, that uses the so-called 12-tone method or technique of composition. The Austrian-born composer Arnold Schoenberg is credited with the invention of this technique, although other composers (e.g., the American composer Charles

12-tone music, large body of music, written roughly since World War I, that uses the so-called 12-tone method or technique of composition. The Austrian-born composer Arnold Schoenberg is credited with the invention of this technique, although other composers (e.g., the American composer Charles

12-tone music, large body of music, written roughly since World War I, that uses the so-called 12-tone method or technique of composition. The Austrian-born composer Arnold Schoenberg is credited with the invention of this technique, although other composers (e.g., the American composer Charles

bird-of-paradise: The 12-wired bird-of-paradise (Seleucidis melanoleuca, sometimes S. ignotus) is a short-tailed, 33-cm bird with flank plumes elaborated as forward-curving wires.

Netherlands: The Twelve Years’ Truce: The Twelve Years’ Truce, which began in 1609, arose out of political controversies that were to dominate the republic for the next two centuries. The collaboration between the house of Orange and the leaders of the province of Holland, which had thwarted…

120 Days of Sodom, a sexually explicit account of several months of debauchery, written in 1785 in French as Cent vingt journées de Sodome, ou l’école du libertinage by the Marquis de Sade while he was imprisoned in the Bastille. It was not published until 1904. The book tells the infamous tale of

120 Days of Sodom, a sexually explicit account of several months of debauchery, written in 1785 in French as Cent vingt journées de Sodome, ou l’école du libertinage by the Marquis de Sade while he was imprisoned in the Bastille. It was not published until 1904. The book tells the infamous tale of

Crusades: The Crusade of Frederick II: The treaty of 1229 is unique in the history of the Crusades. By diplomacy alone and without major military confrontation, Jerusalem, Bethlehem, and a corridor running to the sea were ceded to the kingdom of Jerusalem. Exception was made for the Temple area, the Dome of…

123Movies, defunct movie and television show streaming website that enabled users to watch and download media for free in the 2010s. The site operated under numerous domain names during its existence, including 123movies.to, 0123movies.net, and 123movies.la, and went by several names, including

Apollo Theater, theatre established in 1913 at 253 West 125th Street in the Harlem district of New York City. It has been a significant venue for African American popular music. The Apollo was the central theatre on Harlem’s main commercial street, and its position reflects its central role in

A.R. Rahman: …included those for the films 127 Hours (2010)—for which he received another Academy Award nomination—and the Hindi-language movies Rockstar (2011), Raanjhanaa (2013), Highway (2014), and Beyond the Clouds (2017). In addition, he scored the biopic Pelé: Birth of a Legend (2016). He later wrote the music for the British film…

human nervous system: Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII or 12): The hypoglossal nerve innervates certain muscles that control movement of the tongue. From the hypoglossal nucleus in the medulla oblongata, general somatic efferent fibers exit the cranial cavity through the hypoglossal canal and enter the neck in close proximity…

king cake, a sweet, ring-shaped pastry that is served from Epiphany through Shrove Tuesday in the Christian calendar. It is particularly associated with Mardi Gras, the festive pre-Lenten season in the United States, and it is usually baked with a symbolic trinket hidden inside, often to represent

Britpop: …via the new popism of 13 (1999).

number symbolism: 13: Triskaidekaphobes believe 13 to be unlucky, especially when the 13th day of the month is a Friday, a fear that was reinforced by the explosion that almost wrecked the Apollo 13 lunar spacecraft in 1970. Skeptics note that it returned to Earth safely, unlike…

Black Sabbath: 2013 the Rick Rubin-produced 13—the first Black Sabbath studio recording in 25 years on which Osbourne, Butler, and Iommi played together—topped charts around the world. The band won its second Grammy for the single “God Is Dead?” Black Sabbath embarked upon a farewell tour in 2015, with a final…

combinatorics: Packing and covering: …might be possible to have 13 equal non-overlapping spheres touch another of the same size. This dilemma between 12 and 13, one of the first nontrivial problems of combinatorial geometry, was the object of discussion between Isaac Newton and David Gregory in 1694. Newton believed 12 to be the correct…

William Castle: King of the Gimmick: For 13 Ghosts (1960), Castle offered “Illusion-O,” a pair of glasses with tinted plastic lenses that made the ghosts visible on-screen when worn. Homicidal (1961) was a knockoff of Psycho (1960), with the added fillip of a “Fright Break,” which offered audiences a refund if they…

Henry Hathaway: Film noirs: With 13 Rue Madeleine (1947), Hathaway grafted noir visuals onto an espionage thriller with fine results; James Cagney was especially effective as a resilient OSS agent. Kiss of Death (1947) is one of Hathaway’s most enduring films. The tale of a criminal (Victor Mature) willing to…

ground squirrel: Nontropical ground squirrels: The body temperature of the 13-lined ground squirrel (S. tridecemlineatus) of central North America drops from 37 °C (98.6 °F) to 1 to 3 degrees above burrow temperature. During this time the heart rate decreases from 200 to 350 beats per minute in the active animal to about 5, and…

homopteran: Periodical cicada: …of both the 17- and 13-year cicadas have been studied. The largest and most widespread brood of the 17-year form occurs in abundance over much of the northeastern quarter of the United States. “Harvest flies,” common black and green species, appear cyclically every two to five years, emerging in summer…

comet: The modern era: …new comet, which was designated 133P/Elst-Pizarro. But when the orbit of the comet was determined, it was found to lie in the outer asteroid belt with a semimajor axis of 3.16 AU, an eccentricity of 0.162, and an inclination of only 1.39°. A search of older records showed that 133P…

Common: …was featured in DuVernay’s documentary 13th (2016).

psychedelic rock: ” Meanwhile, the 13th Floor Elevators from Austin, Texas, epitomized the darker, more psychotic frenzy of acid rock—characterized by overdriven guitars, amplified feedback, and droning guitar motifs influenced by Eastern music. Led by the wayward talent of Roky Erickson, a gifted musician who was later hospitalized for mental…

Otto Preminger: Challenges to the Production Code of Otto Preminger: The 13th Letter (1951) served up more suspense, with several residents (Charles Boyer, Michael Rennie, and Darnell, among others) in a small Canadian town receiving poison-pen letters.

Calle 13, Puerto Rican popular music duo known for intelligent, poetic, and sharply pointed social and political commentary—all delivered through a distinctive blend of hip-hop with a broad range of Latin American music styles. René Pérez Joglar (“Residente”; b. February 23, 1978, San Juan, Puerto

Antonio Banderas: … (1998), which costarred Catherine Zeta-Jones, The 13th Warrior (1999), and Play It to the Bone (1999). He made his directorial debut with the comedy Crazy in Alabama (1999), which starred his second wife, actress Melanie Griffith (the two divorced in 2015). In 2001 Banderas reteamed with Rodriguez on Spy Kids,…

number symbolism: 14: The number 14 is an even number with attributes similar to those of 7. A period of 14 days is half of the Moon’s 28-day cycle, so it takes 14 days (one fortnight, short for fourteen-night) for the Moon to wax from new to…

France: The Jacobin dictatorship: …its revolutionary government in the Law of 14 Frimaire, year II (December 4, 1793). To organize the Revolution, to promote confidence and compliance, efficiency and control, this law centralized authority in a parliamentary dictatorship, with the Committee of Public Safety at the helm. The committee already controlled military policy and…

Togo: Faure Gnassingbé’s presidency: …to be known as the Coalition of 14 (C14). Primary among the protestors’ demands were the reinstatement of presidential term limits (limiting the president to two terms), for the limits to be retroactive, and the introduction of a two-round presidential election system. Some also called for Gnassingbé to step down.…

balkline billiards: …shots, respectively, within a balk—and 14.1 and 14.2, with 14-in lines and the same restrictions on shots. Other games are played occasionally, such as 28.2 and 71.2, with one line down the centre of the table parallel to the long cushions and with lines parallel to each of the short…

balkline billiards: 1 and 14.2, with 14-in lines and the same restrictions on shots. Other games are played occasionally, such as 28.2 and 71.2, with one line down the centre of the table parallel to the long cushions and with lines parallel to each of the short cushions, thus…

Claire L. Chennault: …Force (later reorganized as the 14th Air Force) and Chennault was recalled to active duty in 1942. The squadron had great success against Japanese forces, and in 1943 Chennault was promoted to major general. He had frequent clashes with General Joseph Stilwell and other superior officers, however, and in 1945…

James Patterson: Heaven (2008), 11th Hour (2012), 14th Deadly Sin (2015), 16th Seduction (2017), and The 20th Victim (2020), were written with coauthors. Patterson’s other thriller series included one involving Michael Bennett, a detective. The first installment, Step on a Crack, was published in 2007, and later books included Burn (2004) and…

number symbolism: 15: As the product of two sacred numbers (3 × 5), 15 naturally has religious significance. In ancient Nineveh the goddess Ishtar was served by 15 priests, and the city had 15 gates. The 3 × 3 magic square has 15 as its magic constant,…

Fifteen Puzzle, puzzle consisting of 15 squares, numbered 1 through 15, which can be slid horizontally or vertically within a four-by-four grid that has one empty space among its 16 locations. The object of the puzzle is to arrange the squares in numerical sequence using only the extra space in the

Wales: Union with England: …by a second act in 1543. Statutory recognition was now given to the Council of Wales and the Marches, which exercised a jurisdiction over both Wales and four border counties of England. But the council fell into abeyance during the Civil Wars and was finally abolished after the Glorious Revolution…

John Irving: …Man (1972) received enthusiastic notices; The 158-Pound Marriage (1974) was roundly panned. The World According to Garp, however, struck a chord with the international reading public. Infused with comedy and violence, Irving’s breakthrough book chronicles the tragic life and death of the novelist T.S. Garp. Rife with his signature milieus…

Clint Eastwood: 2000 and beyond: In his next film, The 15:17 to Paris (2018), Eastwood chronicled the 2015 terrorist attack on an Amsterdam-to-Paris train, and he cast the three Americans who thwarted the strike to play themselves. He also directed and starred in The Mule (2018), a drama based on The New York Times…

Hyksos, dynasty of Palestinian origin that ruled northern Egypt as the 15th dynasty (c. 1630–1523 bce; see ancient Egypt: The Second Intermediate period). The name Hyksos was used by the Egyptian historian Manetho (flourished 300 bce), who, according to the Jewish historian Flavius Josephus

encyclopaedia: Content arrangement: …of such activities was the 15th edition of Encyclopædia Britannica (1974), which was designed in large part to enhance the role of an encyclopaedia in education and understanding without detracting from its role as a reference book. Its three parts (Propædia, or Outline of Knowledge; Micropædia, or Ready Reference and…

Harlem Hellfighters, nickname given to the 369th Infantry Regiment of the United States Army during World War I. The French government decorated the entire unit with the Croix de Guerre, its highest award for bravery, as well as 170 additional individual medals for valour. The 369th’s battlefield

number symbolism: 16: Because 16 is the square of 4, it inherits favourable attributes. It was popular in ancient India; the Vedas talk of 16-fold incantations, and the Chinese-Indian goddess Pussa has 16 arms. The Rosicrucians believed that nature consisted of 16 elements.

Richard Donner: The 1990s and beyond: He then made 16 Blocks (2006), a scaled-back crime drama featuring Bruce Willis as a burned-out detective who has to transport a witness (an effective Mos Def) a mere 16 blocks to the courthouse where he will testify. The seemingly simple task becomes complicated, however, as numerous armed…

Psyche: Psyche will be the first of the metal-rich asteroids to be explored by a spacecraft. The Psyche spacecraft will orbit the asteroid for 26 months.

The 1619 Project, a celebrated and controversial multimedia journalism series that reframes U.S. history around African American experiences, particularly slavery and its legacy in contemporary American life. Introduced on August 14, 2019, in a special issue of The New York Times Magazine, The 1619

Geographos, an Apollo asteroid (one that passes inside Earth’s orbit). Geographos was discovered on September 14, 1951, by American astronomers Albert Wilson and Rudolf Minkowski at the Palomar Observatory. Geographos revolves around the Sun once in 1.39 Earth years in an eccentric moderately

United Kingdom: Factions and favourites: The Parliament of 1621 was a failure at all levels. No legislation other than the subsidy bill was passed; a simple misunderstanding among the members had led to a dramatic confrontation with the king; and judicial impeachments were revived, costing the king the services of Lord…

United Kingdom: Factions and favourites: The Parliament of 1624 was given free rein. All manner of legislation was passed; subsidies for a trade war with Spain were voted; and issues of foreign policy were openly discussed. Firmly in control of political decision making, Charles and Buckingham worked to stave off attacks…

Glorious Revolution, in English history, the events of 1688–89 that resulted in the deposition of James II and the accession of his daughter Mary II and her husband, William III, prince of Orange and stadholder of the United Provinces of the Netherlands. After the accession of James II in 1685, his

ribosomal RNA: …for investigating evolutionary relatedness is 16S rRNA, a sequence of DNA that encodes the RNA component of the smaller subunit of the bacterial ribosome. The 16S rRNA gene is present in all bacteria, and a related form occurs in all cells, including those of eukaryotes. Analysis of the 16S rRNA…

ribosomal RNA: …for investigating evolutionary relatedness is 16S rRNA, a sequence of DNA that encodes the RNA component of the smaller subunit of the bacterial ribosome. The 16S rRNA gene is present in all bacteria, and a related form occurs in all cells, including those of eukaryotes. Analysis of the 16S rRNA…

James Patterson: … (2012), 14th Deadly Sin (2015), 16th Seduction (2017), and The 20th Victim (2020), were written with coauthors. Patterson’s other thriller series included one involving Michael Bennett, a detective. The first installment, Step on a Crack, was published in 2007, and later books included Burn (2004) and Blindside (2020). The NYPD…

16th Street Baptist Church bombing, terrorist attack in Birmingham, Alabama, on September 15, 1963, on the predominantly African American 16th Street Baptist Church by local members of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK). Resulting in the injury of 14 people and the death of four girls, the attack garnered

number symbolism: 17: In ancient times, in the region of Urartu, near Mount Ararat, the local deity was offered 17-fold sacrifices. The biblical Flood began on the 17th day of the second month and ended on the 17th day of the seventh month. Greek superstition holds the…

Tomas Tranströmer: Tranströmer’s first collection of poetry, 17 dikter (1954; “Seventeen Poems”), showed the influence of Modernism in its spare language and startling imagery, and it met with critical acclaim. His next volumes, Hemligheter på vägen (1958; “Secrets Along the Way”), Den halvfärdiga himlen (1962; “The Half-Finished Heaven”), and Klanger och spår…

pregnancy: Endocrine system: …blood and urinary levels of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids, hormones that affect protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism and that are produced by the adrenal glands, rise during pregnancy; but there is no increased effect from the hormones, because their higher level is more than offset by the increased levels of transcortin, a protein…

congenital adrenal hyperplasia: …from excessive secretion of androgenic hormones by the adrenal cortex. It is a disorder in which the deficiency or absence of a single enzyme has far-reaching consequences.

homopteran: Periodical cicada: Broods of both the 17- and 13-year cicadas have been studied. The largest and most widespread brood of the 17-year form occurs in abundance over much of the northeastern quarter of the United States. “Harvest flies,” common black and green species, appear cyclically every two to five years, emerging…

Proclamation of 1763, proclamation declared by the British crown at the end of the French and Indian War in North America, mainly intended to conciliate the Native Americans by checking the encroachment of settlers on their lands. In the centuries since the proclamation, it has become one of the

Proclamation of 1763, proclamation declared by the British crown at the end of the French and Indian War in North America, mainly intended to conciliate the Native Americans by checking the encroachment of settlers on their lands. In the centuries since the proclamation, it has become one of the

Proclamation of 1763, proclamation declared by the British crown at the end of the French and Indian War in North America, mainly intended to conciliate the Native Americans by checking the encroachment of settlers on their lands. In the centuries since the proclamation, it has become one of the

Greece: Resistance to Ottoman rule: …uprising in the Peloponnese in 1770 at the time of the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–74. These uprisings had little chance of success, but during the Tourkokratia there was some armed resistance against the Turks by the klephts (social bandits or brigands). In their banditry the klephts did not distinguish between…

Indiana: Territorial period: Through the Ordinance of 1787 the ceded lands were amalgamated to create the Northwest Territory, which included present-day Indiana. The ordinance prohibited slavery in the region but did not abolish slavery already in existence. In 1800 the Northwest Territory had at least 175 slaves.

Judiciary Act of 1789, act establishing the organization of the U.S. federal court system, which had been sketched only in general terms in the U.S. Constitution. The act established a three-part judiciary—made up of district courts, circuit courts, and the Supreme Court—and outlined the structure

French Revolution, revolutionary movement that shook France between 1787 and 1799 and reached its first climax there in 1789—hence the conventional term “Revolution of 1789,” denoting the end of the ancien régime in France and serving also to distinguish that event from the later French revolutions

Russia: Expansion of the empire: …country by drafting the “Constitution of 3 May 1791,” which provided for stronger royal authority, established four-year sessions of the elected Sejm (the Polish diet), abolished the liberum veto in its proceedings (under the liberum veto, any single member of the Sejm could kill a measure), and introduced significant…

Constitution of 1791, French constitution created by the National Assembly during the French Revolution. It retained the monarchy, but sovereignty effectively resided in the Legislative Assembly, which was elected by a system of indirect voting. The franchise was restricted to “active” citizens who

Richard Cobden: …of Cobden’s most powerful pamphlets, 1793 and 1853, in Three Letters (1853), was a plea to his contemporaries to avoid “past errors” and keep out of war with France. During the next three years, he argued eloquently that Britain should be friendly with Russia, even after the Crimean War had…

France: The Reign of Terror: In a referendum this Jacobin constitution of 1793 was approved virtually without dissent by about two million voters. Because of the emergency, however, the Convention placed the new constitution on the shelf in October and declared that “the provisional government of France is revolutionary until the peace.” There would…

Constitution of 1795 (Year III), French constitution established during the Thermidorian Reaction in the French Revolution. Known as the Constitution of Year III in the French republican calendar, it was prepared by the Thermidorian Convention. It was more conservative than the abortive democratic

number symbolism: 18: Because 18 is twice 9, it has some significance by association with 9. In Norse mythology Haldan has 18 sons and Odin knows 18 things. The number is sacred to the Sufi mystics who were known in the West as the whirling dervishes, and…

Ichikawa Family: …Tokugawa period (1603–1867), established the Kabuki jūhachiban (“18 Grand Plays of Kabuki”), the special repertoire of the Ichikawa family. Danjūrō IX (1838–1903), of the Meiji period (1868–1912), revitalized the theatre and participated in the first kabuki performance in the presence of the emperor.

Dylan Thomas: Thomas’s first book, 18 Poems, appeared in 1934, and it announced a strikingly new and individual, if not always comprehensible, voice in English poetry. His original style was further developed in Twenty-Five Poems (1936) and The Map of Love (1939). Thomas’s work, in its overtly emotional impact, its…

chemical bonding: Organometallic compounds: …empirical rules, among which the 18-electron rule is the analogue of the octet rule of main-group compounds. According to this rule, the most stable organometallic compounds are those having 18 electrons in the valence shell, a term in this context extended to include the outermost d orbitals. Nickel tetracarbonyl, Ni(CO)4,…

balkline billiards: …varieties of balkline billiards are 18.1 and 18.2—requiring lines 18 inches from the cushions and allowing one and two shots, respectively, within a balk—and 14.1 and 14.2, with 14-in lines and the same restrictions on shots. Other games are played occasionally, such as 28.2 and 71.2, with one line down…

balkline billiards: 1 and 18.2—requiring lines 18 inches from the cushions and allowing one and two shots, respectively, within a balk—and 14.1 and 14.2, with 14-in lines and the same restrictions on shots. Other games are played occasionally, such as 28.2 and 71.2, with one line down the centre…

Concordat of 1801, agreement reached on July 15, 1801, between Napoleon Bonaparte and papal and clerical representatives in both Rome and Paris, defining the status of the Roman Catholic Church in France and ending the breach caused by the church reforms and confiscations enacted during the French

Black Hawk War: Background: the Treaty of 1804 and white settlement of the Northwest Territory: At the centre of the Black Hawk War was a treaty between the Sauk and Fox peoples and the United States that had been signed in St. Louis in November 1804, by which the Indians…

history of Latin America: The independence of Latin America: …it produced a new, liberal constitution that proclaimed Spain’s American possessions to be full members of the kingdom and not mere colonies. Yet the Creoles who participated in the new Cortes were denied equal representation. Moreover, the Cortes would not concede permanent free trade to the Americans and obstinately refused…

War of 1812, (June 18, 1812–February 17, 1815), conflict fought between the United States and Great Britain over British violations of U.S. maritime rights. It ended with the exchange of ratifications of the Treaty of Ghent. The tensions that caused the War of 1812 arose from the French

Charter of 1814, French constitution issued by Louis XVIII after he became king (see Bourbon Restoration). The charter, which was revised in 1830 and remained in effect until 1848, preserved many liberties won by the French Revolution. It established a constitutional monarchy with a bicameral

United States: National disunity: Economic hardship, especially the financial panic of 1819, also created disunity. The causes of the panic were complex, but its greatest effect was clearly the tendency of its victims to blame it on one or another hostile or malevolent interest—whether the second Bank of the United States, Eastern capitalists, selfish…

history of Europe: The conservative reaction: A rebellion in Spain was also suppressed, though only after several years, foreshadowing more than a century of recurrent political instability; the revolution also confirmed Spain’s loss of most of its American colonies, which had first risen during the Napoleonic occupation. A Greek revolution against Ottoman control fared…

Mexico: The early republic: The constitution of 1824 set a number of democratic goals and provided for a federal republic, consisting of 19 states, four territories, and the Mexico City federal district. Indigenous peoples lost their special colonial status, and accompanying protections, as wards of the government. In many ways…

Tariff of 1828, restrictive tariff that triggered the Nullification Crisis in the United States in the early 19th century. The Tariff of 1828 was intended to protect burgeoning domestic industries by inflating the cost of imported goods by as much as 50 percent, making Americans less likely to buy

Statuto Albertino: …was based on the French Charter of 1830. It ensured citizens equality before the law and gave them limited rights of free assembly and of free press but gave voting rights to less than 3 percent of the population. The Statuto established the three classic branches of government: the executive,…

Revolutions of 1830, rebellions against conservative kings and governments by liberals and revolutionaries in different parts of Europe in 1830–32. The movement started in France, prompted by Charles X’s publication on July 26 of four ordinances dissolving the Chamber of Deputies, suspending

November Insurrection, (1830–31), Polish rebellion that unsuccessfully tried to overthrow Russian rule in the Congress Kingdom of Poland as well as in the Polish provinces of western Russia and parts of Lithuania, Belorussia, (now Belarus), and Ukraine. When a revolution broke out in Paris (July

Italy: The rebellions of 1831 and their aftermath: The July Revolution of 1830 in Paris set in motion an Italian conspiratorial movement in Modena and in other Emilian towns. Two Carbonari, Enrico Misley and Ciro Menotti, put their trust in the duke of Modena, Francis IV of…

Nullification Crisis: Outcome of the Nullification Crisis: On March 1, 1833, Congress passed the Force Bill. South Carolina’s isolation, coupled with Jackson’s determination to employ military force if necessary, ultimately forced South Carolina to retreat. But, with the help of Sen. Henry Clay of Kentucky, a moderate tariff bill more acceptable to South Carolina also…

New York Stock Exchange: After the panic of 1837, when many investors suffered heavy losses, the exchange began to demand that companies disclose to the public information about their finances as a condition of offering stock. The stock market crash of 1929, which signaled the start of the Great Depression, led to investigation…

Rebellions of 1837, rebellions mounted in 1837–38 in each colony of Upper and Lower Canada against the British Crown and the political status quo. The revolt in Lower Canada was the more serious and violent of the two. However, both events inspired the pivotal Durham Report, which in turn led to

Rebellions of 1837, rebellions mounted in 1837–38 in each colony of Upper and Lower Canada against the British Crown and the political status quo. The revolt in Lower Canada was the more serious and violent of the two. However, both events inspired the pivotal Durham Report, which in turn led to